In humans, the drugs of the type of morphine produce analgesia, drowsiness, mood changes and mental dullness. An important aspect of the analgesia is that it occurs without loss of consciousness. When therapeutic doses of morphine to patients experiencing pain, they report that the pain is less intense, less bothered or has disappeared completely; drowsiness often occurs. In addition to relieving the discomfort, some patients have euphoria.
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Moderate pain unresponsive to non-opioid analgesics required to progress to another level of analgesia, so that his administration will be associated to a weak opioid analgesic. Analgesics most characteristic of this group are codeine, dihydrocodeine and tramadol.
The recommended oral dose of codeine is 30 mg, combined with 500 mg of acetaminophen or acetylsalicylic ACIC (AAS) every 4-6 hours.
Thin layer chromatography is a sensitive, practical and economical for the detection of some drugs in urine as heroin, morphine , amphetamines, barbiturates, codeine, cocaine, methadone, methaqualone and phenothiazine. State laws regarding penalties for these patients are variables. When it detects one of these drugs, be considered their effects on the mother and fetus. For example, iv drug addicts have an increased risk of anemia, bacteremia, endocarditis, cellulitis, acute and chronic hepatitis, phlebitis, pneumonia, tetanus, venereal diseases and AIDS.
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Amphetamine sulfate was first synthesized in 1887 and introduced into clinical practice in 1932 as inhaler to treat nasal congestion and asthma. In 1937 he introduced amphetamine sulphate tablets as a treatment for narcolepsy, parkinsonism posencefalico , depression and lethargy. The production and both legal and illegal use of this substance was increased until the seventies in which various social agencies and regulators to curb its widespread use.
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All or almost all the effects of amphetamine in the CNS appear to be caused by discharge of biogenic amines from their storage sites in nerve terminals. Apparently, the discharge of norepinephrine from neurons mediates central noradrenergic stimulation effect of alertness of amphetamine, as well as its anorectic effect, and at least one component of its locomotor stimulating action of the operation. In experimental animals, these effects can be prevented by treatment with alpha-metiltirosina, an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, and Thus, the synthesis of catecholamines.
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The pharmacological treatment can provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, electromechanical dissociation or asystole. Adrenaline is an important therapeutic agent in patients with cardiac arrest, epinephrine and other alpha adrenergic agonists increase diastolic pressure and improve coronary blood flow.
Alpha adrenergic agonists also help to preserve blood flow during resuscitation brain. Cerebral blood vessels are relatively insensitive to the vasoconstrictor effects of catecholamines, and increases the pressure at this level of percussion. Therefore, during external cardiac massage, adrenaline facilitates the distribution of limited cardiac output to brain and coronary circulation.
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Epinephrine can cause very unpleasant reactions such as fear, anxiety, tension, restlessness, throbbing headache, tremor, weakness, dizziness, paleness, shortness of breath and palpitations. These effects disappear soon with the rest, a quiet, and recumbency reassurance. Hyperthyroid and hypertensive individuals are particularly susceptible to adverse reactions and pressor of adrenaline.
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The Adrenaline is the chemical mediator liberated by postganglionic adrenergic nerves of mammals. It differs from epinephrine only in lacking the methyl substitution in the amino group. Norepinephrine is 10-20% of the content of catecholamines in the human adrenal medulla, and up to 97% in some pheochromocytomas, but may not express the enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase.
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The nadolol is a long-acting antagonist with equal affinity for beta1 and beta 2-adrenergic. This activity is free from both stabilizing and intrinsic sympathomimetic membrane. A hallmark of nadolol is a relatively long half-life.
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The alpha-adrenergic agonists are widely used as nasal decongestants in patients with allergic rhinitis or vasomotor, as in case of rhinitis in subjects with acute infection of the upper airway.
These drugs appear to decrease air flow resistance by reducing the volume of the nasal mucosa, which may be due to activation of alpha adrenergic receptors in the venous capacitance vessels of the tissues that have characteristics nasal erectile. The receptor mediating this effect seems to be alpha1 adrenergic. Interestingly, alpha2 adrenergic receptors may mediate the contraction of the arterioles that supply the nasal mucosa.
Intense constriction of these vessels can lead to structural damage of the mucosa.
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